- Aperture
(See also: Diaphragm)
- Aperture is the measure of lens
opening. The hole or opening formed by the blades of the iris or
diaphragm
inside the lens or the opening in a camera lens through which
light passes to reach the film or camera sensor. Aperture size
is calibrated in f- numbers
(diameter of the opening to the focal length of the lens), the
larger the number, the smaller the lens opening. Aperture
affects depth of field, the smaller the aperture, the greater is
the zone of sharpness or focus, the bigger the aperture, the
more zone of sharpness is reduced.
- Aperture Priority
(See also: Shutter Priority)
- An exposure mode on an automatic or autofocus camera that
lets the photographer manually set the aperture while the camera
automatically sets the shutter speed for proper exposure.
This mode is very useful when the photographer desires to have a
certain depth of field, and shutter speed is of less importance.
- Authorization Key
(See also: Royalty-Free Pricing)
- Authorization key is the unique number that we automatically
generate for each purchase of each photo from ShutterPoint.com.
Authorization key is the buyer's legal confirmation that he or she has
lawfully obtained the digital image and the owner of the image has granted
the buyer permission to use it according to the terms of
Royalty-Free Commercial Use License or
Royalty-Free Editorial Use License (as applicable).
We keep all authorization keys for all sales that go through our website. These keys can be used to
confirm the fact of purchase and the rights to use the images.
- Autofocus (AF)
- Camera system by which the camera lens or its body
automatically focuses the image of a selected part of the
picture subject. Most of modern cameras include the
autofocus system.
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- Bracketing
- Taking a series of photographs of the same subject with
various exposures that "bracket" the metered exposure,
in order to determine the best one for the scene. Normally
done in 3 or 5 sets - metering system read-out, slightly lighter
one, and slightly
darker one. Some higher-end cameras have the special mode for
automatic bracketing.
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- Cast (Color Cast)
- Abnormal coloring of an image, mostly caused by
incorrect exposure, artificial lighting, incorrect camera
color balance setting, or incorrect
processing conditions.
- CCD
- Electronic sensor utilized by all autofocus cameras, capable
of detecting contrast in the subject. In digital cameras CCD
refers to a light sensor used to capture light and record it onto
the camera memory module, acting as a equivalent of film. CCD sensor
is composed of millions of light-sensitive pixels. In comparison to
CMOS sensors, CCD sensors usually offer better
image quality and dynamic range, while CMOS sensors offer smaller
system sizes, faster processing and reduced consumption of power.
- CMOS
- In digital cameras CMOS sensor captures the light and converts the
light to bits of digital data, thereby reducing the amount of additional
in-camera processing to some extent. CMOS sensors offer smaller
system sizes, faster processing and reduced consumption of power, while
CCD sensors offer higher image quality and
better dynamic range.
- Comp Image
- ShutterPoint allows downloading of small images that can assist designers in
many ways before a purchase is made. The comp images are watermark-protected (as each photographer finds appropriate)
and can only be used for evaluation purposes.
- Cropping
- Eliminating sides of the print or digital file, in order to
achieve a more pleasing composition or fit the print into the
standard media size.
- Color Balance
- Setting or actual representation of colors of a scene.
Color films are made to be exposed by light of a certain color
quality such as daylight or tungsten. Color balance also refers
to the reproduction of colors in color prints, which can be
altered during the printing process. Many cameras
have the series of presets for different lighting environments.
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- Depth of Field (DOF)
- The zone of sharpness in front of and behind the
main subject in the composition on which the lens is focused.
Depth of field depends on aperture, focal length, and focused
distance - the wider the aperture, the longer the focal length,
and the closer the focused distance, the less the depth of
field. Wide-angle lenses have
inherently more depth of field at
each f-number and telephoto lenses have less. Zoom lenses
in telephoto mode have less depth of field than in macro mode.
- Diaphragm
(See also: Aperture)
- An diaphragm is the opening of the lens created by a set of
blackened metal blades that overlap to create an
aperture, which can be varied
in size. Diaphragm is similar to the iris in the human eye,
controlling the amount of light that passes through the lens.
On most higher-end cameras these are controlled by a
ring on the lens, and some automatic cameras have no way to
control the diaphragm opening manually. Closing down the size of
the lens aperture is often referred to as
"stopping down" the lens.
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- Exposure
- The quantity of light allowed to act on a photographic
material or sensor; amount of light reaching the
film, photo paper or CCD sensor. Exposure can be varied by
the intensity (controlled by the lens
aperture) and the duration (controlled by the shutter speed or
enlarging time) of light.
- Exposure Meter (Light Meter)
- A light-sensitive device that measures the light reflected
from or falling on a subject, which is used as a reference for
selecting the exposure setting.
- EXIF
- EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format) is a standard created by Japanese
Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA) for the storage of camera and
image information within JPEG and TIFF image files. This information is
embedded as small piece of data within the picture when a camera saves it to
digital media. Most modern digital cameras now use this standard format to store
information in the image files they produce. The information stored can include:
· Information about the camera that took the image (eg: make, model);
· The camera settings at the time the image was taken (aperture, shutter speed, ISO, etc.);
· The picture taking conditions at the time a image was taken;
· The location and orientation of the camera;
· Descriptive comments or audio recording added by the photographer.
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- F-number
(See also: Aperture)
- The set of numbers on the lens aperture ring indicating the
relative size of the lens aperture opening. The f-number series
is a geometric progression based on changes in the size of the
lens aperture, as it is opened and closed. Traditionally,
the standard calibration numbers for aperture are
1.0,1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc., and each
change results in a doubling or halving
of the amount of light transmitted by the lens. Modern
cameras may allow for non-standard f-numbers to
control the aperture opening more precisely.
- Filter
- A colored or colorless piece of glass or other transparent
material used over the lens to eliminate, emphasize, or change
the color balance or density of
the entire scene or certain areas within a scene.
- Fisheye Lens
- Ultra-wide angle lens providing a near 180 angle of view.
Fisheye lens produces a rectangular image fitting
inside the circle, with highly distorted scene elements.
- Focal Length
- The distance between the film or CDD sensor and the optical
center of the lens when the lens is focused on infinity. On most
cameras the focal length of the lens is marked in
millimeters on the lens mount. In case of 35mm-format cameras,
lenses with a focal length of near 50mm are called normal or
standard lenses. Lenses with a focal length less than
35mm are called wide angle lenses, and lenses with a focal
length more than 85mm are called telephoto lenses.
Those lenses which allow to vary the focal
length without changing focus are called zoom lenses.
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- Grain
- The sand-like or granular appearance of a print, slide,
negative, or digital image. Grain becomes more noticable
with higher ISO speed settings and
the degree of enlargement.
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- High Key
- High key subjects concentrate on the white or light tones,
and using soft and flat overall lighting to minimize shadows. Most
high key pictures contain small areas of dark tones - without a small
dark or black area high key effects can appear too washed out or
dull.
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- Infinity
- A distance great enough that any object at that distance will
be reproduced sharply when the lens is set at its infinity position.
- IPTC Profile
- IPTC profile is the set of metadata fields embedded inside the digital image.
The International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), was one of
the groups responsible for encouraging the standards store the text information describing
an image with the image data itself. IPTC profiles allow photographers to use image editing
programs for assigning image captions, descriptions, keywords, and many other pieces of
information to their images and store the assigned values inside the image files.
When you submit image files containing IPTC data to ShutterPoint, the site will pre-fill the
most common fields with the data extracted from the IPTC profiles.
Below is the list of only some programs that support embedding of IPTC profiles:
Adobe PhotoShop (Mac, Windows)
XnView (Any Operating System)
Captionwriter II (Mac OS 7.5+, Windows)
FotoStation (Mac, Windows)
GraphicConverter (Mac)
iView MediaPro (Mac)
MediaGrid (Mac, Windows)
Microsoft Pro Photo Tools (Windows)
Photo Mechanic (Mac, Windows)
- ISO Speed
- The International Standards Organization defined this
standard for representing film or CCD sensor light sensitivity.
The higher the number, the greater the sensitivity. A speed
of ISO 200 is twice as sensitive as ISO 100, and half that of
ISO 400.
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- Lens
- One or more pieces of optical glass or similar transparent
material designed to collect and focus rays of light to form a
sharp image on the film, CCD sensor, paper, or projection screen.
Each piece of the lens material can have one or two curved sides.
- Lightbox
- Lightbox is a virtual storage place for online digital images. You can
think of it as your favorites, or a collection of images you would like to
organize in one spot so that you could review them at a later point.
- Low Key
- Low key pictures emphasize the black or darker tones, mostly
with hard high contrast lighting being used. To create contrast,
a relatively small areas are usually brightly lit.
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- Macro
- Taking photographs of small objects with regular or special
photographic lenses at reproduction ratios of 1:1 or greater;
also referred to as "macro" photography.
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- Normal Lens
- A lens with near 50mm (for 35mm film cameras) that makes the
image in a photograph appear in perspective similar to that of
the original scene. A normal lens has a shorter focal length
and a wider field of view than a telephoto lens, and a longer
focal length and narrower field of view than a wide-angle lens.
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- Perspective
- A system for giving a two-dimensional representation of a
three-dimensional scene or original in a flat image.
- Pixel
- A pixel is short for a "picture element", and is
used to describe both a point on a display screen consisting of
red, green and blue dots and also a smallest point in an image
file. Raster computer images are rectangular arrays of
information about pixels giving their red, green and blue
intensities for an RGB image). A single pixel in a 24bit image
can have over 16 million possible values.
- Print
- A positive picture, usually on paper or special media,
produced from a negative or digital image file.
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- Resolution
- In film photography, the resolution of lenses
and films is determined by finding the smallest distance between
lines that can clearly be distinguished when the image is
examined using a microscope. The resolution of scanners is the number
of distinct readings it can take per inch in each direction.
In digital photography, resolution is a measurement of the
number of pixels that make up a digital photograph. Resolution
is one of the benchmarks of digital cameras and images. More
pixels allow producing bigger prints. Any of the modern
3-, 4- and 5-megapixel cameras will allow making great
8x10-inch prints. Usually for prints 11x14-inches or more, it's
more preferable to use 4-plus-megapixel camera models.
- Retouching
- In film photography or printing, retouching refers to a
process of altering a print or negative after development by use
of dyes or pencils to alter tones of highlights, shadows, and
other details, or to remove blemishes. In case of digital
photography, use of the digital image manipulation software
to enhance or modify the digital image.
- Royalty-Free Pricing
- Royalty-free pricing model is based on the size of the
photo a buyer needs and its artistic and technical qualities, not the specific
use. Buyer does not have to pay any additional fees on any subsequent usage of
the photo and can use the photo for any projects. By selling a royalty-free
photo, a photographer permits a buyer unlimited use of the photo, including any
photo alterations such as, but not limited to cropping, color alterations, etc.
Photographer remains a copyright owner of the photo.
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- Shutter Priority
(See also: Aperture Priority)
- An exposure mode on an automatic or autofocus camera that
lets a photographer select the desired shutter speed while
the camera sets the aperture for proper exposure. The advantage
of this method is that a photographer can be sure of the shutter
speed - particularly important when dealing with moving objects
or trying to avoid camera shake. Its disadvantage is that a
photographer cannot be sure of the depth of field, as this
depends on aperture.
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- Telephoto Lens
- A lens that makes a subject appear larger than does
a normal lens at the same camera-to-subject distance.
A telephoto lens has a longer focal length and narrower field of
view than a normal lens and have a shallower depth of field than
wide angle lenses. Mostly used for capturing sporting events and
wildlife, where getting closer to a subject may not be possible.
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- Wide-Angle Lens
- A lens that has a shorter focal length and a wider field of
view than a normal lens. Wide angle lens can include much more of a
subject area, comparing to normal lens. For a 35mm camera,
lenses from 24 to 35mm are generally called wide-angles,
and those under 24 mm are called ultra wide. Wide-angle lenses
can be used to get in more subject, which is particularly useful
when photographing interiors.
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- Zoom Lens
- A zoom lens has a focal length that can be varied, while retaining focus.
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